Part 1 – Review of the basics
- Properties of electromagnetic waves
- The index of refraction and dispersion
- Summary of fiber optic network elements
Part 2 – The foundation – electrodynamics of continuous media
- Dielectric response to electromagnetic fields
- Electrostatics to electrodynamics – polarizability
- Electromagnetic waves in dielectric media
- Classical model of the index of refraction
- Brewster’s angle and building intuition for light behavior in fibers
- Wavelength dependence of the index of refraction: transmission and absorption
- Nonlinear effects: Raman scattering, Brillouin scattering, Kerr effect, Pockel’s effect, Faraday’s effect
Part 3 - Fiber physics – the Optical Waveguide
- Dielectric waveguides
- Snell’s law and numerical aperture
- Geometric optics: lenses
- Modes of oscillation in optic fibers
- Step-index optic fibers – the complete solution
- Modal dispersion
- Graded index fibers
- Evanescent waves and directional couplers
- Mode coupling mux/demux
- Coupler manufacture
- Optical impedance and fiber optic connections
- Fiber connectors
- Future fiber technologies: photonic crystals, band-gap fibers, and holey fibers
Part 4 – Passive components and Spectrum Analysis – Physical Optics
- Interference and diffraction
- Coherence
- Interferometry
- The wavelength meter
- Filters, etalons, tunable filters, thin film demultiplexer
- Periodic variations in waveguides and coupling
- Notch filters, gratings, grating-based mux/demux, AWG, interferometric filters, monochromaters
- Optical Spectrum Analyzers (OSA)
- Faraday isolator, polarization based circulators
- The optic switch: MEMS, bubbles, electro-optic, holographic, Brillouin
- Characterization of passive devices
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Part 5 – Transmitters and Receivers: The generation and detection of light
- Generation of electromagnetic radiation: spontaneous emission
- Coherence and particle-wave duality
- Energy structure of semiconductors
- Physics of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and lasers
- Survey of laser types and properties
- Modulation direct and indirect: Mach-Zehnder modulators
- Characterizing transmitters: power, frequency, linewidth, chirp/FM, modulation index, transmitter distortion, noise, reflections, Relative Intensity Noise (RIN)
- Optical receivers: the physics of the PIN diode and the Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
- Characterizing receivers: quantum efficiency and responsivity, bandwidth, thermal noise and dark current, shot noise and noise equivalent power, optical SNR, sensitivity
- The future: optical computing
Part 6 – Optical Amplifiers
- The physics of optical amplifiers: Raman scattering
- EDFA design
- The EDFA and other types of optical amplifiers
- Characterizing EDFAs: Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE), gain spectrum, optical gain, gain compression, saturation, gain competition,
noise figure, WDM gain, Spectral Hole Burning (SHB), Polarization Hole Burning (PHB)
- Raman amplifiers
- Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA)
- Hybrid amplifiers
Part 7 – Dispersion
- Intuitive grasp: dispersion and media polarizability
- Index of refraction – transmission and absorption
- Material and waveguide dispersion
- How to calculated tolerable levels of dispersion
- Characterizing chromatic dispersion in fibers
- Four wave mixing
- Chromatic dispersion compensators
- Birefringence, dichroism and Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
- Polarization maintaining fibers
- Mode coupling and polarization correlation length
- Wavelength dependence of PMD: 1st and 2nd order PMD
- Maximum fiber length tolerable to PMD
- Characterizing PMD
Part 8 – The Future
- Solitons – pulses without distortion
- Stopping light
- The soliton-hologram switch
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